Thermal imaging device with a battery pack with a shock absorber

ABSTRACT

A thermal imaging device includes a replaceable battery pack, which may include a shock absorbing and/or seal member. A battery portion of the battery pack includes an electrical contact and a sidewall that contains at least one battery cell, which is electrically coupled to the contact. An attachment mechanism of the battery pack is configured to engage a portion of a housing of the device, such that a portion of the battery pack forms a terminal end of the device, the battery portion is held within the portion of the housing, and the electrical contact of the battery portion is operably connected to the imaging assembly of the device. The attachment mechanism is releasable from engagement with the housing, such that an entirety of the battery pack can be completely separated from the thermal imaging device.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention pertains to handheld thermal imaging devices andmore particularly to these devices that include a replaceable batterypack, and to configurations of replaceable battery packs for thesedevices.

BACKGROUND

Many state-of-the-art handheld thermal imaging devices, which have arelatively large amount of built-in functionality, are used in a varietyof applications, ranging from the inspection of buildings to theinspection and/or evaluation of industrial equipment and processes. Theutility of these devices not only relies upon the components, which arenecessary to generate and display thermal images, but also upon handlingfeatures that facilitate ease of use. Furthermore, there is a need forthese devices to withstand the rigors of daily use, which may includeexposure to relatively harsh environments and/or the occasional carelesshandling.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The following drawings are illustrative of particular embodiments of theinvention and therefore do not limit the scope of the invention. Thedrawings are not to scale (unless so stated) and are intended for use inconjunction with the explanations in the following detailed description.Embodiments of the invention will hereinafter be described inconjunction with the appended drawings, wherein like numerals denotelike elements.

FIG. 1A is a perspective view of a thermal imaging device, according tosome embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 1B is a cross-section view through a portion of the thermal imagingdevice shown in FIG. 1A, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a replaceable battery pack, having beenremoved from the portion of the thermal imaging device, according tosome embodiments.

FIG. 3 is another perspective view of the battery pack, according tosome embodiments.

FIG. 4A is a perspective view of a portion of the battery pack,according to some embodiments.

FIG. 4B is an exploded perspective view of a base portion of the batterypack, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 5A is an enlarged perspective view of a part of the base portion,according to some embodiments.

FIG. 5B is an enlarged exploded perspective view of an attachmentmechanism and another part of the base portion, according to someembodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following detailed description is exemplary in nature and is notintended to limit the scope, applicability, or configuration of theinvention in any way. Rather, the following description providespractical illustrations for implementing exemplary embodiments of theinvention.

FIG. 1A is a perspective view of a thermal imaging device 10, accordingto some embodiments of the present invention. FIG. 1A illustrates ahousing of thermal imaging device 10 including a first portion 110 and asecond portion 120. The housing may be formed from one or more injectionmolded, hard plastic parts, which lend structural support to all thecomponents of device 10 that are necessary to capture infrared images,and which provide an effective handling interface for a user of device10. FIG. 1A further illustrates first portion 110 of the housingincluding a first side 111, a second side 112, which is opposite firstside 111, and a third side 115, from which second portion 120 of thehousing extends. According to the illustrated embodiment, second portion120 of the housing extends toward a terminal end 123 of thermal imagingdevice 10 and forms a handle for device 10, while first portion 110 ofthe housing contains a thermal imaging assembly of device 10. Theimaging assembly includes those elements, known to those skilled in theart, that are typically necessary for thermal imaging, such as a thermalsensor assembly, for example, a microbolometer thermal detector, a lensassembly and a printed circuit board assembly, for example, includingone or more signal processors. A focusing assembly 130 is shown mountedto first side 111 of housing first portion 110, and a display 150mounted to a second side 112, so that, when a user of device 10 graspshousing second portion 120, as a handle, the user may point focusassembly 130 toward a scene and simultaneously view a captured thermalimage of the scene on display 150. An end 128 of housing second portion120 is shown including an aperture 125 extending therethrough; ahandling strap (not shown) may be secured, at one end thereof, toaperture 125, and, at another end thereof, to a loop member 127, whichis shown mounted to housing first portion 110. Device 10 furtherincludes various actuation elements and/or buttons, a mounting of whichmay be ergonomically arranged, for example, as is described inco-pending and commonly-assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No.11/873,699.

FIG. 1B is a cross-section view, taken along line A-A of FIG. 1A,according to some embodiments. FIG. 1B illustrates a pair of batterycells 312 contained within housing second portion 120 and beingelectrically connected to the imaging assembly of device 10, via anelectrical contact 321. According to embodiments of the presentinvention, battery cells 312 are included in a replaceable battery pack,for example, battery pack 200, which is shown in FIGS. 2 and 3. FIGS.1B, 2 and 3 illustrate battery pack 200 including a sidewall 325, whichcontains battery cells 312, and electrical contact 321, for example,being formed in sidewall 325. With further reference to FIG. 2, batterypack 200 may be divided into two portions: a battery portion 220, whichincludes sidewall 325, battery cells 312 and electrical contact 321, anda base portion 210, on which battery portion 220 is mounted. Whenbattery pack 200 is inserted into end 128 of housing second portion 120,base portion 210 engages with end 128, for example, as shown in FIG. 1B,such that battery portion 120 is held within an interior of housingsecond portion 120, the interior of housing second portion 120 is sealedfrom an environment external thereto, electrical contact 321 is held inelectrical connection with a mating connector of the imaging assembly ofdevice 10, and base portion 210 protrudes outside the housing to formterminal end 123 of device 10.

FIG. 3 illustrates base portion 210 including an attachment mechanism215, which is configured to engage with end 128 of housing secondportion 120 and to be releasable therefrom. FIG. 1B illustrates theengagement of attachment mechanism 215, with housing second portion 120,via a pair of opposing projections 150; each projection 150 springloaded, or biased, by a corresponding spring member 153 of attachmentmechanism 215, in order to engage with a corresponding recess 105, whichis formed in an inner surface of end 128 of housing second portion 120.FIG. 1B further illustrates attachment mechanism 215 including a pair ofopposing release members 151. According to the illustrated embodiment,when release members 151 are pushed toward one another, for example, bya thumb and forefinger of a user, projections 150, which are operativelycoupled to release members 151, are moved against the loading/biasing ofspring members 153 in order to disengage projections 150 from recesses105 and, thereby, release attachment mechanism 215 from end 128 ofhousing second portion 120 so that battery pack 200 may be separatedfrom device 10. Although attachment mechanism 215 is shown includingopposing pairs of projections 150, release members 151 and springmembers 153, alternate embodiments of the invention may includedifferent configurations of attachment mechanism, for example, whichincluding only a single projection 150, release member 151 and springmember 153. FIGS. 1A-B further illustrate device 10 includingorientation markers in the form of two ridges 190, 195; ridge 190 isshown formed on end 128 of housing second portion 120, and ridge 195 onone of release members 151. According to the illustrated embodiment,ridges 190 and 195 serve as both a tactile and a visible reference tohelp the user to properly orient battery pack 200, when insertingbattery pack 200 into housing second portion 120 for engagement with end128. The proper orientation is necessary in order to align electricalcontact 321 of battery pack with the mating connector of the imagingassembly, within the housing, when attachment mechanism 125 engages end128.

With further reference to FIGS. 2-3, surfaces 108 and 308 of housing end128 and battery pack 200, respectively, are identified. According to theillustrated embodiment, when attachment mechanism 215 of battery pack200 engages with end 128, for example, as shown in FIG. 1B, surfaces 108and 308 come together to form an interface that seals the interior ofthe housing from an environment external thereto. Surface 308 may be anexposed portion of a seal and/or shock absorbing member, for example,which is formed on base portion 210 of battery pack 200, as will bedescribed in greater detail below. According to some preferredembodiments, surface 108 is relatively hard and non-deformable and iscontinuous about an entire perimeter of inside of housing end 128, forexample, having been formed without any seam, mold parting line, or anyother similar discontinuity that could form a leak path at the sealinterface. According to some embodiments, in order to keep surface 108free of these discontinuities, at least end 128, if not a significantportion of housing second portion 120, is molded as a single piece.

With further reference to FIGS. 1A-B, terminal end 123 of device 10,being positioned as shown, may be subject to impact loading, if device10 is mishandled, for example, dropped; such impact loading could damagethe housing of device 10 and/or the components contained within thehousing of device 10. Thus, according to some preferred embodiments ofthe present invention, a shock absorbing member is included in batterypack 200. In some embodiments, an exposed face 212 of base portion 210of battery pack 200 comprises the shock absorbing member. For example,an entire bulk of a part of base portion 210, that includes face 212(i.e. part 42 to be described in greater detail, below), is formed froma shock absorbing material; alternately, a layer of shock absorbingmaterial, which includes face 212, is formed over a surface of a part ofbase portion 210. Preferably a thermoplastic polyester elastomermaterial (i.e. TPC-ET) is employed to form face 212. Commerciallyavailable thermoplastic polyester elastomers include Hytrel®, availablefrom DuPont™, and Riteflex® available from Ticona Engineering Polymers.Alternately, or in addition, a shock absorbing member may be integratedinto an internal structure of battery pack 200.

FIG. 4A is a perspective view of battery portion 220 of battery pack200, according to some embodiments, having been separated from baseportion 210; and FIG. 4B is an exploded perspective view of base portion210, according to some embodiments. FIG. 4A illustrates sidewall 325 ofbattery portion 220 including opposing first and second outer surfaces401, 402, and attachment posts 451 that protrude from first outersurface 401. FIG. 4B illustrates base portion 210 including a face 411configured to interface with first outer surface 401 of battery portion220, when battery pack 200 is assembled, as shown in FIGS. 2 and 3;receptacles 415 are shown extending from face 411 and into base portion210, wherein each receptacle 415 is sized and positioned to receive acorresponding attachment post 451 of battery portion 220 for theassembly of battery pack 200. Although not seen in FIG. 4A, one ofattachment posts 451 includes a unique profile for mating with only oneof receptacles 415, so that a proper orientation of battery portion 220with respect to base portion 210 is assured in the assembly of batterypack 200.

FIG. 4B further illustrates fasteners 45 (i.e. screws) positionedadjacent to face 212 of base portion 210, where guide bores 35 (FIG. 2)are formed to receive fasteners 45. Openings into guide bores 35 may beseen in FIG. 2, and dashed lines in FIG. 4B show each bore 35 extendingwithin base portion 210, to a corresponding internal opening 435.According to the illustrated embodiment, an end of each fastener 45,when inserted into the corresponding guide bore 35, extends through thecorresponding internal opening 435 in order to mate with internalthreads of a corresponding post 451, which has been inserted into acorresponding receptacle 415 of base portion 210, when battery pack isassembled 200. O-ring type seals may be employed adjacent to the head ofeach fastener 45 for sealing against an internal shoulder within thecorresponding guide bore 35, when fasteners 45 are tightened. Accordingto some embodiments of the present invention, face 411 of base portion210 includes a member for shock absorbing and/or sealing, for example,being formed from an elastomer material, such as the thermoplasticelastomer know as Versollan (available from GLS Corporation).

FIG. 5A is an enlarged perspective view of base portion 210, accordingto some preferred embodiments, wherein a face 511 thereof includes botha seal member and a relatively hard and non-deformable surface. FIG. 5Aillustrates the seal member including a central portion 513, an outerperimeter ridge 513A and a plurality of perimeter ridges 513B, each ofwhich surrounds a corresponding receptacle 415. With reference back toFIGS. 3 and 4A, according to the embodiment of FIG. 5A, outer perimeterridge 513A of the seal member forms surface 308, which surrounds a thirdouter surface 403 of battery portion sidewall 325, in close proximity tofirst outer surface 401, when battery pack 200 is assembled, and whichseals against surface 108 within end 128 of housing second portion 120(FIG. 2), when attachment mechanism 215 of battery pack 200 is engagedwith end 128. Furthermore, it may be appreciated that each perimeterridge 513B seals around the corresponding attachment post 451 andagainst first outer surface 401 of sidewall 325, when fasteners 45 aremated therewith in the assembled battery pack 200.

FIG. 5A further illustrates a plurality of relatively hard andnon-deformable surfaces 512A, which are approximately coplanar withcentral portion 513 of the seal member, and an outer relatively hard andnon-deformable surface 512B, that surrounds outer perimeter ridge 513Aof the seal member. According to the illustrated embodiment, surfaces512A form a relatively hard and non-deformable interface between baseportion 210 and first outer surface 401 of battery portion 220, which,by providing a ‘hard stop’, limits a compression of the seal member whenbattery portion 220 is secured to base portion 210, for example, via thetightening of fasteners 45 within posts 451. This ‘hard stop’ canprevent an over-tightening of fasteners 45, that could overload andpotentially damage posts 451, and can further control a tolerance of theassembly of battery pack 200, for example, with respect to the locationof electrical contact 321 relative to attachment mechanism 215, so thatboth contact 321 and attachment mechanism 215 operatively couple withdevice 10, when a user inserts battery pack into housing second portion120, as previously described. With reference back to FIG. 1B, outersurface 512B may abut surface 108 to also provide a ‘hard stop’, at theinterface between battery pack 200 and housing end 128, when attachmentmechanism 125 engages with end 128.

According to some preferred embodiments, the seal member of face 511 isformed over a portion of a surface of a part 41 of base portion 210,preferably by a two-shot molding process or by an over-molding process,so as to leave other portions of the surface exposed as theaforementioned relatively hard and non-deformable surfaces 512A, 512B.Part 41 may be formed from a relatively hard plastic, such as apolycarbonate-acrylonitrile butadiene styrene blend (PC-ABS), forexample, available from Sabic Innovative Plastics, and the seal memberfrom an elastomer, such as the aforementioned thermoplastic elastomer.According to alternate embodiments, the seal member may be separatelyformed as a piece part, which is subsequently coupled in between thesurface of part 41 and first outer surface 401 of battery portionsidewall 325.

Returning now to FIG. 4B, base portion 210 is shown including both firstpart 41 and a second part 42, which, when brought together, for example,as illustrated in FIG. 3, hold attachment mechanism 215 in place. FIG.4B illustrates a sidewall of each of parts 41 and 42 having opposingopenings 419, 429 and an edge 416 and 426, respectively; the contours ofedges 416, 426 mate with one another to align opposing openings 419 offirst part 41 with opposing openings 429 of second part 42. Second part42, like first part 41, may be formed from a relatively hard plastic,such as PC-ABS or, according to some preferred embodiments, may beformed from a thermoplastic polyester elastomer, such as theaforementioned Hytrel® or Riteflex®, in order to function as a shockabsorbing member, as previously described. If second part 42 is formedfrom the relatively hard plastic, a layer of shock absorbing materialmay extend over a surface of part 42 to form exposed face 212.

With reference to FIG. 3, in conjunction with FIG. 4B, it can beappreciated that each of opposing openings 419 of first part 41 surrounda corresponding projection 150 of attachment mechanism 215, and thateach of opposing openings 429 of second part 42 surround a correspondingrelease member 151 of attachment mechanism 215. According to theillustrated embodiment, each projection 150 and the correspondingrelease member 151 are integrally formed, for example, from a hardplastic material such as an acetal copolymer, for example, Celcon M90(available from Ticona Engineering Polymers), which may be selected forits relatively lubricious surface properties. Fasteners 45, in additionto securing battery portion 220 to base portion 210, secure attachmentmechanism 215 in place, by securing first and second parts 41, 42together around attachment mechanism 215.

With reference to FIG. 5B, which is an enlarged exploded perspectiveview of attachment mechanism 215 and second part 42, spring member 153is shown formed as a leaf spring and a slot 535 is shown formed withinsecond part 42 to receive a first end 51 of spring member 153, suchthat, when a second end 52 of spring member 153 is coupled withprojection 150, and, when release member 151 is placed within opening429 of second part 42, spring member 153 may be compressed betweenprojection 150 and second part 42, for example, as is shown in thecross-section of FIG. 1B. Spring member 153 may be formed from stainlesssteel, for example, 301 stainless, having a thickness of approximately0.4 mm.

FIGS. 4B and 5A-B further illustrate each release member 151 includingshoulders 456, which extend from either side of the correspondingprojection 150, and portions 465 of edge 416 of first part 41, that areconfigured to abut shoulders 456, when battery pack 200 is assembled,according to some embodiments, so as to hold each projection 150 in apredetermined position. The predetermined position ensures thatprojections 150 are located at an appropriate distance from face 411/511of base portion 210 so that, when projections 150 are received byrecesses 105 of the housing of thermal imaging device 10 (FIG. 1B),electrical contact 321 of battery portion 220 is operatively connectedwith the imaging assembly of device 10, and the seal member of face411/511 is sufficiently compressed against surface 108 within end 128 ofhousing second portion 120, in order to seal the interior of the housingfrom an environment external thereto. The predetermined position, inconjunction with the compression properties of the seal interface, alsoallows projections 150 to move past a lip of recesses 105, as batterypack 200 is being inserted into end 128 of housing second portion 120,and then to ‘snap’ into engagement with recesses 105.

In the foregoing detailed description, the invention has been describedwith reference to specific embodiments. However, it may be appreciatedthat various modifications and changes can be made without departingfrom the scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims. Forexample, end 128 of housing second portion 120 may include a seal memberlocated to interface with a relatively hard and non-deformable surfaceof replaceable battery pack 200, when attachment mechanism 215 engagesend 128. Such a seal member may be employed in conjunction with, or asan alternative to, surface 308 or perimeter ridge 513A of theabove-described battery pack seal member, although it is preferred thatreplaceable battery pack 200 include a seal member, in order tointroduce a new seal member each time the battery pack is replaced.Furthermore, one or more radially projecting seal members, either inaddition to, or as an alternative to the axial projecting surface308/perimeter ridge 513A and/or ridges 513B, may be employed byalternate embodiments of the present invention. For example, withreference to FIGS. 2 and 4A, a seal member may project radially fromthird outer surface 403 of battery portion sidewall 325 to seal againsta relatively hard and non-deformable inner surface 108′ of housing end128, when attachment mechanism 215 engages end 128 and surface 512B isin proximity to surface 108. Likewise a radial seal member may be formedaround each attachment post 451 or within each receptacle 415.

1.-5. (canceled)
 6. The thermal imaging device of claim 44, wherein thethe replaceable battery pack further includes a seal member for sealingan interior of the housing from an environment external thereto, whenthe attachment mechanism of the battery pack engages with the end of thehousing.
 7. The thermal imaging device of claim 6, wherein: the sealmember of the replaceable battery pack includes an outer perimeterridge, the outer perimeter ridge surrounding the sidewall of the batterypack; and the end of the housing includes a relatively hard andnon-deformable surface against which the outer perimeter ridge of theseal member abuts, when the attachment mechanism of the battery packengages with the end of the housing.
 8. The thermal imaging device ofclaim 7, wherein the battery pack further comprises a relatively hardand non-deformable surface, which is located to also abut the relativelyhard and non-deformable surface of the end of the housing, when theattachment mechanism of the battery pack engages with the end of thehousing. 9.-11. (canceled)
 12. The thermal imaging device of claim 6,wherein the seal member is formed by either a two shot molding processor an over-molding process.
 13. (canceled)
 14. The thermal imagingdevice of claim 44, wherein: the end of the housing includes a recessformed in an inner surface thereof; the attachment mechanism of the baseportion of the replaceable battery pack comprises a projection and arelease member, the projection being spring-loaded and the releasemember being coupled to the projection; the projection is configured tobe received by the recess of the housing, for engagement therewith; andthe release member is located such that a finger of a hand can pushagainst the release member in order to move the projection against thespring loading, thereby disengaging the projection from the recess ofthe housing in order to release the attachment mechanism from engagementwith the end of the housing.
 15. The thermal imaging device of claim 14,wherein: the attachment mechanism of the replaceable battery packfurther includes a leaf spring member to create the spring loading forthe projection of the attachment mechanism; and the leaf spring memberincludes a first end and a second end, the first end being mounted in aslot formed in an inner surface of the base portion, and the second endbeing coupled to the projection. 16.-18. (canceled)
 19. The thermalimaging device of claim 44, wherein: the housing includes a firstportion and a second portion, the first portion of the housingcontaining the imaging assembly and including a first side, to which afocusing assembly of the device is mounted, a second side, which isopposite the first side and to which a display of the device is mounted,and a third side, which extends between the first and second sides; thesecond portion of the housing extends out from the third side of thefirst portion of the housing, to form a handle of the device, andincludes the end of the housing with which the attachment mechanism ofthe replaceable battery pack engages.
 20. The thermal imaging device ofclaim 44, wherein the end of the housing and the attachment mechanism ofthe replaceable battery pack each include an orientation marker tofacilitate a proper orientation of the battery pack for engagement withthe end of the housing. 21.-22. (canceled)
 23. A battery pack for athermal imaging device, the battery pack comprising: a battery portionincluding a sidewall, which contains at least one battery cell, and anelectrical contact for connecting the at least one battery cell to animaging assembly of the thermal imaging device; and a base portionincluding a first face, against which the battery portion is secured, asecond face, opposite the first face, a shock absorbing membercomprising a layer of material formed over the base portion, and anattachment mechanism, which is configured to engage with a housing ofthe device and to be releasable therefrom; wherein, when the attachmentmechanism engages with the housing of the thermal imaging device, thebattery portion is held within the housing, the electrical contact ofthe battery portion is held in electrical connection with the imagingassembly of the device, within the housing, and the base portion forms aterminal end of the thermal imaging device, that protrudes outside thehousing; and when the attachment mechanism is released from engagementwith the housing of the device, an entirety of the battery pack iscompletely separable from the thermal imaging device.
 24. (canceled) 25.The battery pack of claim 23, wherein the shock absorbing member alsoserves for sealing an interior of the housing of the thermal imagingdevice from an environment external thereto, when the attachmentmechanism engages with the housing.
 26. The battery pack of claim 23,wherein the second face of the base portion of the replaceable batterypack comprises the shock-absorbing member.
 27. The battery pack of claim23, wherein the layer of material comprises a thermoplastic polyesterelastomer. 28.-35. (canceled)
 36. The battery pack of claim 23, wherein:the attachment mechanism of the base portion comprises a projection anda release member, the projection being spring-loaded and the releasemember being coupled to the projection; the projection is configured tobe received by a recess of the housing of the thermal imaging device forengagement therewith; and the release member is located between thefirst and second faces of the base portion such that a finger of a handcan push against the release member in order to move the projectionagainst the spring loading, thereby disengaging the projection from therecess of the housing of the thermal imaging device, in order to releasethe attachment mechanism from engagement therewith.
 37. The battery packof claim 36,wherein: the attachment mechanism of the base portionfurther includes a leaf spring member to create the spring loading forthe projection of the attachment mechanism; and the leaf spring memberincludes a first end and a second end, the first end being mounted in aslot formed in an inner surface of the base portion, and the second endbeing coupled to the projection. 38.-39. (canceled)
 40. The battery packof claim 23, wherein: the attachment mechanism of the base portion ofthe replaceable battery pack comprises opposing projections and opposingrelease members, each projection being spring-loaded and each releasemember being coupled to a corresponding projection; each projection isconfigured to be received by a corresponding recess of opposing recessesof the housing of the thermal imaging device, for engagement therewith;and the release members are located in between the first and secondfaces of the base portion, being spaced apart from one another such thata thumb and a forefinger of a hand can push the third and fourth facestoward one another in order to move the opposing projections against thespring loading, thereby disengaging each projection from thecorresponding recess of the housing of the thermal imaging device, inorder to release the attachment mechanism from engagement therewith.41.-43. (canceled)
 44. A thermal imaging device, comprising: a housingcontaining an imaging assembly of the device; and a replaceable batterypack including a sidewall, a shock absorbing member, an attachmentmechanism and an electrical contact, the sidewall containing at leastone battery cell being coupled to the electrical contact, and theattachment mechanism being configured to engage with an end of thehousing and to be releasable therefrom; wherein, when the attachmentmechanism of the battery pack engages with the end of the housing, theelectrical contact of the battery portion is held in electricalconnection with the imaging assembly, within the housing, and a portionof the battery pack forms a terminal end of the device, outside thehousing; the shock absorbing member of the replaceable battery packcomprises a layer of material formed over the portion of the batterypack that forms the terminal end of the device; and when the attachmentmechanism is released from engagement with the end of the housing, anentirety of the replaceable battery pack is completely separable fromthe device.
 45. The thermal imaging device of claim 44, wherein thelayer of material comprises a thermoplastic polyester elastomer.
 46. Thethermal imaging device of claim 44, wherein the shock absorbing memberalso serves for sealing an interior of the housing from an environmentexternal thereto, when the attachment mechanism of the battery packengages with the end of the housing. 47.-50. (canceled)